History of Greenwich Village in Manhattan Essay

Greenwich Village’s history begins in the 16th century when its area was first settled by Native American tribes and then by the Dutch who called it New Amsterdam. In the 1660s, it was conquered by the British and its current name was first mentioned in 1713. In the late 18th century, the area known today as Washington Square Park was occupied by a Potters Field Cemetery, closed in 1826. During the outbreaks of yellow fever and cholera in early 19th century Manhattan, its citizens began to flee to Greenwich Village building new houses in the Federal style, shops, and banks. They built New York University in 1836 and made it an artistic and intellectual center. Buildings in the Greek Revival style appeared around Washington Square as well as the marble arch commemorating Washington’s inauguration as President that was built in 1892 (â€Å"Village History†). An unusual wooden house at 6 Weehawken Street is the only surviving example of 18th century oyster bars that were common in the Village at that time. That street also had many stables with apartments above them some of which can be still seen today. Residential houses whose ground floors were used for commercial purposes where more common, however. After the Civil War, Greenwich Village saw the erection of factories, warehouses, and other industrial buildings typical of the Industrial Revolution such as, for example, the Shepherd Warehouse at West Street or the Tower Warehouses at Greenwich Street. The late 19th century also saw the erection of beautiful maritime hotels (Great Eastern Hotel) and ecclesiastical buildings (Victorian Public School at West Street) (â€Å"The Far West Village and Greenwich Village Waterfront†). By the end of the 19th century, the wealthy citizens built new buildings north from the original settlement that was left to the newly arrived immigrants from Europe. In the early 20th century, Greenwich Village’s theaters and galleries attracted artists and writers, and new luxury apartment buildings appeared. In the middle of the 20th century, Greenwich Village began to look like it appears today and has not changed a lot since then. In the second half of the 20th century, many industrial buildings and warehouses were converted to residential buildings (Sass â€Å"History of Greenwich Village, Manhattan†).

What Is Mercantilism

What is mercantilism? According to the definition in the America Past and Present history book is an economic theory that shaped imperial policy thought out the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world’s wealth was a fixed supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies, as well as new colonial possessions rich in raw materials, were important in achieving this balance.During the reign of Charles II English policy makers assumed they established a well-integrated set of concepts about the nature of international commerce and a carefully planned out set of mercantilist government policies to implement them. However, they only were interested in solving their own problems. Since there wasn’t laws or anything to regulate these groups their needs lead to the rise of the English commercial regulations.The Navigation Act was passed in 1660 which sta ted that no ship could trade in the colonies unless it had been constructed in either England or America and carried a crew that was at least 75% English and that certain enumerated goods of great value that were not produced in England could be transported from the colonies only to an English or another colonial port.Thru out the years more and more regulations were set the last major legislation came in 1696. This statute tightened enforcement procedures putting pressure specifically on the colonial governors to keep England’s competitors out of American ports. American colonials thought they were in unity with England that would later prove false.

Bullwhip Efect Barilla Spa

The Bullwhip Effect and Barilla SpA The Bullwhip Effect is an observed phenomenon in forecast-driven distribution channels where there is variability up the supply chain. Some of its causes are: Dependent demand processing Forecast Errors Adjustment of inventory control parameters with each demand observation Lead Time Variability (forecast error during replenishment lead time) Lot-sizing/order synchronization Trade promotion and forward buying Anticipation of shortages One way to achieve this is to establish a demand-driven supply chain which reacts to actual customer orders. The result is near-perfect visibility of customer demand and inventory movement throughout the supply chain. Better information leads to better inventory positioning and lower costs throughout the supply chain. Methods intended to reduce uncertainty, variability, and lead time: †¢Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) †¢Just In Time replenishment (JIT) †¢Strategic partnership †¢Information sharing †¢Smooth the flow of products ocoordinate with retailers to spread deliveries evenly oreduce minimum batch sizes osmaller and more frequent replenishments

Zoloft by Pfizer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zoloft by Pfizer - Essay Example An interesting area of exploration for the use of Zoloft is in pregnant women who suffer from depression. Do the risks outweigh the potential benefits One study that examined the pharmacokinetics of setraline in pregnancy showed that the drug was metabolized at an increased rate, suggesting that a greater dose was necessary in these cases (Sit et al, 2008). Setraline is excreted through the breast milk of nursing mothers in a highly efficient manner (Kristensen et al, 1998). So another consideration is the health of the infant. There have been no teratogenic effects associated with the use of Zoloft, however it may be wise to weigh all of the potential drawbacks. Setraline has been used in pediatric cases of major depressive episode. Children as young as 6 years old have taken this drug. Animal studies of Zoloft on pregnant rats showed a destructive influence to the unborn rat pups (Pfizer ibid).Female rats who received setraline during the last third of the gestation period had an increased number of stillborn pups. The surviving pups had a lower birth weight than the pups in the placebo group. Researchers concluded that this effect was due to exposure to setraline in utero.

( HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) ;Managing people and organizations in Essay

( HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) ;Managing people and organizations in changing contexts; - Essay Example According to Sparrow (2009) employees in a company are the most valuable assets and their interests should therefore be in the forefront while devising policies and in their implementation. This paper will at discussing human resource management and management of organisations in changing contexts. The paper will elaborate this by discussing issues related to HR management and in Tata Consultancy Services. This discussion will aim at uncovering specific challenges in HRM faced by the company as it spreads its operations globally and the underlying issues of compensation policies. Tata CS is one of the leading companies offering consulting services and a wide range of software related services in the world. The company boasts of being the market leader in these services and more so in IT and outsourcing services in Asia. The company opened its doors in 1968 as a consultancy firm from the outset (TCS 2010). It actually started as a computer centre for the Tata Group. As time went by the management saw it to be prudent to extend the portfolio in offering solutions as well. The company expanded operations quickly and by 1970 it was the first one of its kind and in the area of operation to expand to the American market. This was after conquering the Indian market that had various challenges like the one of License Raj being an unfavourable government regulation. The 1990s saw the company grow tremendously with the rise in the spread of IT, the time of Y2K bug and the emergence of the Euro currency (TCS 2010). The same decade saw the company expand to outsourcing by developing an E-business section which within half a decade later was already giving more than five hundred million dollars to TSC. The company has many subsidiaries it owns the world over some partly while others fully. Its operations span over 40 countries with recorded revenue of about 6 billion US dollars (TCS 2010). The

Feasibility and Research Report--Tax on Cigarette and Demand on Essay

Feasibility and Research Report--Tax on Cigarette and Demand on Cigarette - Essay Example This objective is scheduled to operate within a seven year duration, whereby the expectation will be of high government revenue and a reduced level of smoking. The results of this project will benefit government, society, environment, smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette contains over 4000 chemical compound and 69 of those chemicals cause cancer. Cigarette harms health by causing diseases such as lung cancer or heart diseases. There are numerous organizations that can help smokers to quit smoking and the government work closely with such organizations to create awareness about the effects of smoking. Other than its addictive characteristics, this study sought to actualize the drive to smoking despite the awareness of its effects to health and spending. The outcome of the study is therefore very important to the Federal U.S. government as well as the Anti-Smoking Agencies. The outcome of the study was not intended to please tobacco manufacturers as this would affect their business, and to some extent the some government agencies were expected to reject the outcome of the study as well due to tax revenue they get from tobacco. However, the study was focused in revealing the truth of tobacco in relations to health effects. Many studies have been done on the health and economic effects of smoking tobacco. Such studies, discussions, or journals were limited to finding the real weight on health, spending etc of smoking cigarettes. Micklethwait, (2013) of the Economist Magazine acknowledges the effects of cigarette products affect the whole society in U.S. According to weekly news involving the economy and business within the U.S. and international business, the Smoking Weight, and Micklethwait, (2013) data percentage showing the rational of teenage smokers reveals that there are 46% teen girls and 30% teen boys do not smoke

Culture Assessement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture Assessement - Essay Example They should be fully aware of the need for such an assessment and that they agree to such a review. Aside from the commitment from the top level management, the other lower rank employees should also cooperate with the project. A certain degree of openness must be expected among all the participants who will be interviewed; thus, it is important that the objective of the assessment be relayed to all concerned to ensure the success of the culture assessment (Schein, 2004). A culture change initiative which I experienced happened when I was still working with a development bank. Unlike other banks, we were required to go to the office on Saturday mornings. This was the time devoted to short seminars, personality development programs or the like. Attendance was always a problem because we did not see the relevance of such seminars. We viewed the activity as a total waste of time. When the objectives of the program were explained clearly and its importance emphasized to us, everyone beca me more enthusiastic and attendance greatly improved. Furthermore, we were consulted on the topics that we want to be discussed so we became more interested. Most of us even looked forward to Saturday mornings. References Schein, E. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley and Sons.

Newman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Newman - Essay Example According to Newman faith is about assenting to a doctrine as veritable, even when faced with lack of sensory evidence to back up its claims. Since God cannot lie, what is revealed will have to be true. At the centre of Divine faith is the total lack of doubt in the heart and mind of the believer. This is so because â€Å"God is true, because God has spoken, not because he sees its truth or can prove its truth.† (p.2) What Newman deems necessary is conviction in belief. It simply would not do to claim to believe and also think rationally at the same time. If one part of the scriptures were believed it, the entirety is to be believed in. In the example of the Apostles, the fact of one being true, made the others true too, as they all derived from the infallible authority of god. The world had â€Å"either to become Christian, or to let it alone; there was no room for private tastes and fancies, no room for private Judgment.† (p.3) Hence, Newman makes his stance clear on the dichotomies of faith and reason. The crucial difference between the time of the Apostles and now is that there is only recorded message presently. People back then would have found it more credible to hear the divine word from the Apostles firsthand. There is a key difference â€Å"between the act of submitting to a living oracle, and to his written words; in the former case there is no appeal from the speaker, in the latter the final decision remains with the reader.† (p.4) Hence in contemporary Christianity, which is centered on written scripture, a degree of application of rationality is warranted. Such being the case, Newman qualifies by stating that they have not in them the principle of faith. It is nothing to the purpose â€Å"to urge that at least they firmly believe Scripture to be the Word of God. In truth, it is much to be feared that their acceptance of Scripture itself is nothing better than a

Perspectives on People at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perspectives on People at Work - Essay Example This essay stresses that the managers single out significant differences in the way people approach work and organizations. Power distance is the extent to which members of a society accept that power is distributed unequally in organizations. In all societies there is inequality between people, be it based upon physical, economic, intellectual or social characteristics. If people feel that they belong and are included it enables them to feel good about working in an organisation. If, on the other hand, people do not feel part of the organisation - that they do not share the domi ¬nant attitudes and beliefs - negative emotional consequences are likely to result. Studies of token women in management support these ideas. Today, the manager may be imposed, formally appointed or elected, or emerge naturally through the demands of the situation or the wishes of the group as a leader. The manager should possess the competencies to use and evaluate new ideas, but he/she must also have the insight into the impact these ideas will have on the future. This paper makes a conclusion that the manager needs to recognize his influence on the staff and individual differences which might impact his style of management. When the manager does not receive the â€Å"sender's message† in the manner intended, it results in miscommunication and conflicts. Every person is a unique individual and organizations should carefully select managers taking onto account their personal characteristics and individual differences.

Chapter Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter Summarize - Essay Example The healthcare professional must bring about a consistency between their commitment and actions. This will inculcate in the patient a feeling of trust. Each and every member of the team must perform with the same level of integrity. Individualizing your approach- The professional should first understand the approach and then act according to the situation. Instead of being a slave to the clock he should be flexible enough to treat the patient according to the situation. The practitioner should resist adopting a short-cut and if it is really needed, then a thorough explanation should be given to the patient. Also the waiting patients should be treated appropriately so that they don’t lose confidence. Little things mean a lot – Practitioner’s individualized attention on a patient even on small issues can build a strong professional bond. These may include making a patient comfortable hygienically (providing with a tissue or a glass of water when in need) , remember ing patient’s interests (movies, matches etc.) or expanding patient’s awareness (making a patient feel close to home ). Responding to gifts- Patients and their respective family members often offer gifts to healthcare professionals. This creates a dilemma for these professionals , whether to accept them or not. Before deciding doctors should consider the monetary value, patient’s intention , nature of professional closeness .

The Beer Industry Insights Essay Example for Free

The Beer Industry Insights Essay Carlsberg Group is the fourth largest brewer in the world. Our extensive port- folio of beer brands provides a beer for every occasion and palate. Our flagship brand, Carlsberg, is one of the best- known beer brands in the world, and Baltika, Carlsberg, Tuborg and Kronen- bourg are among the biggest brands in Europe. In addition, we have a wide range of leading beer brands in local markets. Our business is focused in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Asia, where we have strong market positions. The rest of the world is mainly serviced through export or license agreements. Western Europe: Carlsberg is the second largest brewer in Western Europe, and in 2012 they had a 40bp market growth in this area. Eastern Europe: Carlsberg holds a strong no. 1 position in the region’s main market, Russia, and very strong positions in the other markets in the region. In 2012 they had a 38,2% market share in the area. Asia: Carlsberg’s Asian portfolio of businesses consists of mature markets such as Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore as well as investments in growing beer markets such as China, India and Vietnam. In 2012 their organic beer volume growth was 9%. China is the worlds largest beer market. Carlsberg and the Market: For more than tree decades, Carlsberg has been one of the largest commercial sponsors of professional football, and Carlsberg beer and football are almost inseparable. * Since 2008, stadium beer sales has gone up 40% * There has been 6. 6 million visitors to fan parks * There has been 1 million cups of beer sold during half-time at the final. *Carlsbergs focus concerning the macro environment: see corporate social responsibility report COMPETITORS Heineken Heineken is the 3rd largest brewer in the world. HEINEKEN is a proud, independent global brewer committed to surprise and excite consumers everywhere. Four key attributes make the Company different: Heineken ® is the first and only truly global beer brand, enjoyed in 178 countries around the world; a unique, worldwide footprint with operations in 71 countries, ensuring a broader reach for our brands than any other brewer; an internationally diverse, dynamic, committed and entrepreneurial team of around 70,000 employees; and the passion of the Heineken family remains as strong today as it was in 1864 when we first started brewing beer. Western Europe: HEINEKEN is Europe’s leading brewer. We have operating companies in 10 countries and an Export and Duty Free business. Revenue â‚ ¬7,785 million, 42,3% Central and Eastern Europe: HEINEKEN has a rich product portfolio of leading brands.? We have operating companies in 14 countries and we own and operate more than 50 breweries across the region. Revenue â‚ ¬3,280 million, 17,8% Americas: We operate 20 majority-owned breweries and seven joint venture breweries in a region characterised by attractive, growing and profitable markets. Revenue â‚ ¬4,523 million, 24,6% Africa and the Middle East: HEINEKEN first imported beer into Africa in 1900. Today we have operating companies? in 20 countries in the region and brew a number of blockbuster brands. Revenue â‚ ¬2,639 million, 14,4% Asia: The acquisition of Asia Pacific Breweries means we now have? a presence in 19 countries in the region and operate 25 breweries. In India our joint venture company is UBL. It is the market leader and has 18 breweries. Revenue â‚ ¬527 million, 2,9%. Organizarion goal and objectives: Heinekens five business priorities: Each one helps us to achieve our goal of winning in all markets with Heineken ® and with a full brand portfolio in markets where we choose. * Aims for sustainable growth as a broad market leader and segment leadership * Expand and optimize brand portfolio * Embraced innovation as a key component of their strategy in areas of production, marketing, communication and packaging * Goal is to grow the business in a sustainable and consistent manner, while consistently improving profitability SWOT Heineken Strengths1. Heineken’s leading brand portfolio includes more than 170 international premium, regional, local and specialty beers. 2. The company has undertaken various advertising and promotional initiatives, which has improved its brand equity. 3. Strong brand portfolio helps the company to create a favorable image in the market and ensures stable revenues.? 4. Heineken has a large network of breweries. It owns over 125 breweries in more than 70 countries. 5. Since the breweries are located close to their end markets, the company is in a position to serve fresh beer to customers. 6. A geographically widespread plant network reduces transportation costs as well. 7. Strong network of breweries helps the company boost customer satisfaction and reduce costs8. Excellent branding and top of the mind recall owing to advertising and sponsorship initiatives| Weaknesses1. Beer markets in Western Europe faced a challenging year due to the combined impact of the financial crisis, mixed weather, smoking bans and unprecedented increases in excise duties? 2. Maintaining corporate values, image and quality standards in various countries is a challenge3. Being a leader susceptible to fake imitation products| Opportunities1. Heineken’s acquisition of other breweries and brands2. Expand product line – for new areas and to accommodate changes in taste and preference.? 3. Innovations contribute to the top-line growth and to the strength of the Heineken brand in particular. 4. Integration forwards and backward. 5. Driving top-line growth by winning customers at the point of purchase has been the key rationale behind the roll-out of Heineken’s extra Cold program. 6. Falling trade and ownership regulations in foreign countries. | Threats1. Tax regulations on the beer industry2. An increasingly negative perception in society towards alcohol could prompt legislators to restrictive measures. 3. Slowed industry growth rate. 4. Legal issues dealing with underage drinking – retailer’s license may be revoked or suspended. 5. Heineken has many operations in mature beer markets where the attractiveness of the beer category is being challenged by other beverage categories. 6. Changing buyer taste and preference. 7. Input costs (including transportation and energy) have accelerated to unprecedented levels in the past few years. | AB-InBev Anheuser-Busch InBev is the leading global brewer and one of the world’s top five consumer products companies. Our dream, shared by 118 000 people around the globe, is to be the Best Beer Company in a Better World. That means brewing beers with a heritage of quality and craftsmanship dating back to 1366, while maintaining an unwavering commitment to responsible drinking, environmental stewardship and the betterment of the communities in which we operate. A true consumer-centric, sales-driven organization, we have a strong, balanced brand portfolio, including six of the 10 most valuable beer brands in the world*, and we hold the No. 1 or No. 2 position in many of the? world’s leading beer markets. In 2012, our total revenues were 39. 8 billion USD. Our portfolio consists of over 200 beer brands, including three global brands, Budweiser, Stella Artois and Beck’s; fast-growing multi- country brands Leffe and Hoegaarden; and strong â€Å"local champions†, such as Bud Light, Skol, Brahma, Antarctica, Quilmes, Michelob Ultra, Harbin, Sedrin, Klinskoye, Sibirskaya Korona, Chernigivske, Hasseroder and Jupiler, among others. Headquartered in Leuven, Belgium, Anheuser-Busch InBev operates? in 23 countries worldwide and works through six geographic Zones: North America, Latin America North, Latin America South, Western Europe, Central Eastern Europe and Asia Pacific — enabling consumers around the world to enjoy our products. Strategy: the words we live by â€Å"Our dream inspires us to be the Best Beer Company in a Better World — our People and our Culture make it happen. † Dream: Our shared dream energizes everyone to work in the same direction: to be the Best Beer Company in a Better World. Everything we achieve begins with our shared dream: to be the Best Beer Company in a Better World. This dream has inspired us not only to build and grow one of the leading global consumer products companies but also to commit ourselves to improving the world around us by promoting responsible drinking, environmental stewardship and involvement in our communities. Our dream is ambitious but credible, and we know that by stretching to achieve great things, we will become the size of our dream. People: Great people, allowed to grow at the pace of their talent and compensated accordingly, are the most valuable assets of our company. We know that great people are the key to transforming a great dream into reality. Our dream is shared by 118 000 AB InBev colleagues around the world, who represent our greatest asset and our only sustainable competitive advantage. It is because of our people — and their talent, engagement, drive and sense of purpose — that we have been able to deliver on our commitments to our customers, our shareholders, our communities and one another. Great people, motivated by leaders who clear the way for them to perform at their best, attract more great people to our company. And we believe that great people are attracted by an atmosphere of meritocracy, informality and candor. Our approach is to hire people with the potential to be better than we are, to ensure that leaders engage them fully and to provide challenging experiences to help them develop. We invest heavily in attracting the best people, developing their potential and enriching their opportunities through a range of programs and initiatives. Culture: * We are never completely satisfied with our results, which are the fuel of our company. Focus and zero complacency guarantee lasting competitive advantage. * The consumer is the Boss. We connect with our consumers through meaningful brand experiences, balancing heritage and innovation, and always in a responsible way. * We are a company of owners. Owners take results personally. * We believe common sense and simplicity are usually better guidelines than unnecessary sophistication? and complexity. * We manage our costs tightly, to free up resources that will support top-line growth. * Leadership by personal example is the best guide to our culture. We do what we say. * We don’t take shortcuts. Integrity, hard work, quality and consistency are keys to building our company. North America total volumes increased 0. 6% in 2012 AB InBev’s shipment volumes in the United States and selling-day adjusted sales-to- retailers (STRs) grew 0. 7% and 0. 4%, respectively. The company estimates it continued to make good progress on market share in the U. S. , with market share down less than 20 bps in 2012, due to significant improvements in the premium-plus category following the roll-out of Bud Light Platinum and Bud Light Lime Lime-A-Rita. These innovations helped the company to grow the market share of the Bud Light Family by approximately 70 bps in 2012 Michelob Ultra, Shock Top, Stella Artois and AB InBev’s other high-end brands also grew share, while company’s share remained under pressure as a result of softness in Budweiser and the company’s pricing strategy of closing the gap between sub- premium and premium brands within its portfolio. In Canada, beer volumes increased by 0. 1% in 2012 mostly driven by a tough comparison in terms of industry, poor weather and the ice hockey lock-out. Latin America North volumes grew 3. 0%, with beer volume growth of 2. 7% and soft drinks up 3. 7%. In Brazil, beer volumes increased 2. 5%, benefiting from an estimated industry growth of 3. 2%, a strong 2012 Carnival execution, the positive effect of higher consumer disposable income in 2012 additional price promotions in the fourth quarter of 2012 following the partial postponement of the tax increase announced on September 2012 as well as strong execution of commercial initiatives. Premium brands continued to grow ahead of the rest of the company’s portfolio. The company estimates that Budweiser, which has been in the market over a year, became the largest international premium brand in Brazil during the fourth quarter of 2012 Stella Artois is also growing quickly with over 45% volume growth during 2012 The company estimates that its market share was down by 50 bps during 2012 reaching an average of 68. 5%, primarily due to price increases in the third quarter of 2012 Latin America South total volumes decreased 0. 8%, with beer volumes up 0. 1% and non-beer volumes down 2. 2%, respectively. In Argentina beer volumes declined 0. 4%, driven by an uncertain consumer environment and a weak industry. However, a strong performance from Quilmes and Stella Artois led to continued strong market share performance. Western Europe own beer volumes declined 3. 5%, while total volumes declined 4. 2%. Total own products, including cider, declined by 3. 0% in 2012. Own beer volumes in Belgium declined 4. 1%, driven by a weak, weather-related industry performance in the first half of the year. In Germany, own beer volumes fell 1. 4%. The company estimates that its market share was ahead during 2012 driven by a strong performance of its focus brands Beck’s and Hasseroder. In the United Kingdom, own product volumes decreased by 8. 2%, mainly driven by a weak industry and market share pressure due to competitive activity in the off-trade channel. Central and Eastern Europe volumes decreased 11. 3%. In Russia, beer volumes fell 12. 0%, driven by industry weakness following regulatory changes. Market share loss was driven by the implementation of tax-related and other selective price increases ahead of competitors, and promotional pressure in key account channels. However, the company continued to make progress with the optimization of its brand portfolio, with its premium and superpremium brands, including Sibirskaya Korona, Bud, Stella Artois, Hoegaarden and Lowenbrau gaining share, and now representing 35% of total volumes. Bud reached an estimated market share of 1. 4%. In Ukraine, beer volumes decreased 10. 3% in 2012 driven by a weak industry and market share loss. However, Bud achieved an estimated market share of 1% during the nine months since launch. Asia Pacific beer volumes grew 1. 9%. In China, beer volumes grew 1. 9% as industry volumes in our footprint declined by almost12% during the last quarter of 2012 due to severe cold and wet weather. Nevertheless, the company estimates it gained market share in China. The focus brands Budweiser, Harbin and Sedrin grew 8. 1% in 2012 SWOT AB InBev Strengths * They have a leading position in the market, due to which they are now an international company. * Their production line is very strong, and this is the reason why their brand is known all over the world. * They are much concerned about the making of their brands. These capabilities make them one of the leading brands around the globe. * They came up in the market when there was no such other beverage making industry in the country. | Weaknesses * Their concentration in the market is low. And this is the only reason why their customers are moving to other brands. * The trust on wholesalers is one of the major negative point about the company. * Anheuser Busch is having a problem in making the sufficient amount of beverages needed. * People have taken on the truth that due to some reasons this company is producing an imperfect amount of beer or beverages when it is needed the most. | Opportunities * By growing beer consumption in China, they will do more business. As China is one of the emerging countries and is a well named IT country, this will definitely help their business to expand internationally. * Joining hands with other companies and setting up the business in other countries, will led them to have strong sponsor ship and life time agreements. * By focusing on other drinks, they will increase their brand and in doing so their market shares will increase. * They can also run their business directly through the computers. So that the clients can be connected with them. | Threats * If some other beer Brewer Companies unites together, than this will be really challenging for Anheuser Busch to survive in the market. * The rise in the prices of the raw materials, which are used in the manufacturing, will result in the decrease of their production. * The change in the preferences is also another big risk for the company. * If they ever drop their real image in the market than it is going to be real hard for them to keep up the position in the present market. | SABMiller SABMiller is the 2nd largest brewer in the world, with more than 200 beer brands and some 70,000 employees in over 75 countries. We also have growing businesses in soft drinks and we are one of the world’s largest bottlers of Coca-Cola products. SABMiller has become a global leader by doing business locally, pursuing operational excellence and offering high-quality products backed by innovation and a commitment? to sustainability. Our success is built on a clear strategic direction, a shared vision and mission and a common set of values. Latin America: 32% Contribution to group EBITA 2012. 17 breweries, 14 bottling plants. * Our primary brewing and beverage operations cover six countries across South and Central America (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Peru). * In each of these countries, we are the number one brewer by market share. * We are also the third largest brewer in Argentina. * We bottle soft drinks for The Coca-Cola Company in El Salvador and Honduras, and for Pepsico International in Panama. * Regional office: Bogota, Colombia. Strategic focus area: * Drive strong top-line growth by expanding consumer occasions and entering adjacent categories * Increase share of alcohol and capitalise on differentiated and expanded brand and package portfolios * Optimise and extend distribution network and sales reach * Protect our licence to trade and business sustainability * Pursue operational excellence and efficiency in our businesses, optimising resources? and costs Europe: 14% Contribution to group EBITA 2012, 17 breweries. †¢ Our primary brewing operations cover eight countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain (Canary Islands) and the Netherlands. †¢ In the majority of these countries,? we are the number one or two brewer by market share. †¢ A further 16 countries including Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine are covered in a strategic alliance with Anadolu Efes through either brewing, soft drinks or export operations. †¢ We export significant volumes to a further eight European markets, of which the largest are the UK and Germany. †¢ Regional office: Zug, Switzerland. Strategic focus area: * Drive superior organic revenue growth and margin expansion through growing perceived category benefits and value per serving * Structure and shape the category by driving our full brand portfolios in growth segments in key markets through innovative 360 degree marketing programmes * Continue to drive differentiation through innovating in product, packaging and dispense systems * Design for scale, cost advantage and focus North America: 13% Contribution to group EBITA 2012. 8 breweries. †¢ MillerCoors is a joint venture with Molson Coors Brewing Company, formed in 2008 by bringing together the US and Puerto Rican operations of both groups. †¢ Headquartered in Chicago, MillerCoors is the second largest brewer in the USA, with 29% of the beer market. †¢ Our wholly owned Miller Brewing International business is based in Milwaukee, USA and exports our brands to Canada and Mexico and throughout the Americas. †¢ Regional office: Chicago, USA. Strategic focus area: * Win in premium lights with strengthened positioning of Coors Light, Miller Lite and Miller 64 * Through Tenth and Blake Brewing Company extend and grow MillerCoors’ import and craft portfolio * Create value through strong revenue management. * Create leading capability and superior growth in retail sales * Support the three-tier distribution system to drive effectiveness and value Arfica: 13% Contribution to group EBITA 2012. 32 breweries, 19 bottling plants. * Our brewing and beverage operations? in Africa cover 15 countries. A further? 21 are covered through a strategic alliance with the Castel group and we also have? an associated undertaking in Zimbabwe. * In most of these countries we are the number one brewer by market share. * We bottle soft drinks for The Coca-Cola Company in 20 of our African markets (in alliance with Castel in 14 of these markets). * Regional office: Johannesburg, South Africa. Strategic focus area: * Drive growth in beer and soft drinks through full brand portfolios, wider price ranges and expansion into adjacent categories * Step up investment behind our mainstream brands and differentiated premium portfolio * Increase share of alcohol through accessible brand and package offerings * Further develop sales and distribution to enhance our outlet presence and extend our geographic coverage * Mitigate high imported input costs through innovation and local supply chains. Asia Pasific: 6% Contribution to group EBITA 2012. 23 breweries, 2 bottling plants. CR Snow, our partnership with China Resources Enterprise, Limited, is the largest brewer in China. †¢ With the acquisition of Foster’s in December 2011, we have a major business in Australia. CUB4 only contributed to our results from mid-December 2011. †¢ We are the second largest brewer in India. †¢ We have an operation in Vietnam and we export to various markets including South Korea and Cambodia. †¢ Regional office: Hong Kong. Strategic focus area: * Integrate the Foster’s acquisition and deliver the commercial and operational targets * Further build market leadership in China and enhance profitability * Continue to drive Snow, the largest beer brand in China, with additional premium variants to increase revenue * Pursue market liberalisation in India and focus investment on growth and profitability in selected states South Africa: 22% Contribution to group EBITA 2012. 7 breweries, 6 bottling plants. The South African Breweries (Pty) Ltd. (SAB) is South Africa’s leading producer and distributor of lager and soft drinks. It also exports brands for distribution across Namibia. †¢ Our soft drinks division is South Africa’s leading bottler of products for? The Coca-Cola Company. †¢ We have hotel and gaming interests through our associate Tsogo Sun Holdings Ltd, the largest hotel and gaming group in South Africa. †¢ Regionaloffice: Johannesburg, SouthAfrica. Strategic focus area: * Leverage scale to drive productivity and reinvest savings in market-facing activities * Engage the competition in all alcohol categories * Ensure that key brands resonate. * Shape a culture of partnership and superior ?service offering in all classes of trade * Ensure societal leadership Four strategic priorities Financial goal: To deliver a higher return to our shareholders than our peer group over the longer term Strategic priority: * Creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses * Developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win? in the local market * Constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, sustainably * Leveraging our skills and global scale SWOT SABMiller Strengths1. A strong portfolio of brands? 2. Strong sales and distribution network? 3. Presence in 75 countries across 6 continents? 4. SAB Miller also owns over 150 market-leading local brands5. Excellent marketing and branding have made the brand top of the mind6. Nearly 70,000 people form a part of the workforce| Weaknesses1. Have been unable to get a momentum in emerging markets? 2. Intense competition means market growth is limited| Opportunities1. Partnering the local breweries in particular countries can yield a bigger market share ? 2. Launching successful brands which have a strong following and brand equity in the newer markets3. More advertising and sponsorship would increase brand recall| Threats1. A strong competition from other brands? 2. Laws and regulations on advertising and establishing the business? 3. Slumping economy all over the world has been the greatest concern as disposable income of consumers in lowering| * Who are the key players in the industry and their relevant size? AB-InBev, Heineken, SABMiller * What are their objectives and strategies? * What are their strengths and weaknesses? * What are their market shares, the performance of the competitors in revenues, profits, and shareholder value? * What are the competitor’s capabilities, its organization, and its strategic alliances?

Impact of Foreign Banks on Banking in Emerging Economies Essay Example for Free

Impact of Foreign Banks on Banking in Emerging Economies Essay Increased technology and innovation International banking in emerging–market have some advantages from the technology and innovation. The advanced technology and innovation system could even surpass the conventional technology and innovation. For example, they could improve productivity, increase in market and increase the competition and so on . Innovations in customer experience and superior customer service delivery, network integration. (Infosys 2000). For example, the internet and computer system have a useful communication system to connect the consumer and bank. In daily life, customer often use the mobile phone, computer transfer the money. At the same time, innovation and technology is a lower cost of the banking system in the emerging market. The increased technology and innovation in emerging market may help the banking system make a clear communication for their employee, shareholder and consumer. As a result, banks in emerging markets are leapfrogging their rich-world rivals in efficiency, technology and innovation (special report international banking 2011). Increased liquidity and solvency Comparing with the local banking system, the foreign banks on banking in emerging market have different kind of comparative advantage. The reason is emerging market allow foreign bank entry to local market. This is lead to the higher liquidity and solvency. Foreign direct investment is a useful fund source for local market. At the same time, the foreign banks also have important roles which represent a borrower. For example, foreign banks have an enough capital base and asset. Foreign banks have played a major role in financing emerging market (EMEs) in recent year. Increased liquidity and solvency has helped emerging markets to develop their economies and allocate capital and financial know-how efficiently across countries (Agustà ­n Villar ) Disadvantage Complex global policies and challenges international banking There are some negative factors occur in global banks in emerging economies. One of the important factors is complex global policies. For example, the foreign banks are an extension of parent bank which sent to managers to overseas. Different banking system has different policies. Meanwhile, the government also comes up with stricter policies. As a result, foreign banks should face a lot of complicated policies in emerging market. The collapse of Barings was a demonstration of how different countries supervisors are failing to communicate with each other.( the economist 1997). This opinion shows that the international banking in emerging market should have a closer supervisor.

Issues in Supply Chain Logistics

Issues in Supply Chain Logistics Outline PURCHASING CASE STUDY 1 Communication forms the most important part as far the supply chain is concerned. It is through well enhanced communication that buyers and sellers can interact well and their separate needs. The most important lesson I derived from the case study is the importance of harmonizing ideas among the working groups. If the flow of ideas between the concerned parties is not proper, it may lead to total failure. In order for the working procedure to be functional, a supply chain is composed of different elements which are reliant on each other. Each of these parameters needs to be reviewed. The customer initiates the supply chain by making the required order. This is then processed by the supplier and finally the consumer receives the package. Hence, there are several elements entailed in such a transaction. To begin with, inbound logistics is crucial during the supply chain. This is closely followed by the outbound logistics in addition to customer care and operations division. None of these processes can be ignored if the supply chain is to succeed. There were some missing links as can be noted form the case study. For instance, the quantities of goods shipped were much more than the actual level agreed upon. This affected the inbound logistics. As a result, there was a lot of mess especially when these goods were to go through the outbound logistics. The operations department suffered a lot. Besides, customers who could not get their packages delivered on time got angry hence unsatisfied. It is imperative to consider the available time against the volume of goods to be handled if supply chain is to record any success. 2) Delayed shipment is one of the main problem which led to the entire mess of the supply chain logistics. Therefore, the supplier carried the blame having agreed so. Besides, the very supplier did not issue the accurate information detailing the quantity of goods to be supplied. Although this appeared to be the key issue at hand, later deliberations revealed that the actual problem was lack of understanding between the supplier and the customer when the initial quotation was being made. These factors hampered the operations in the shipment and delivery of the goods. Although the supplier attempted to communicate with the customer care department regarding challenges in production, no positive feedback was received thereby complicating the entire process. 3) Opting for a different supplier would be a better alternative for Avion, Inc. However, there were several pending deals with the initial supplier. Such an action would just aggravate the situation. Hence, it would only be necessary to clear the current backlog of supplies before delegating the work to a different supplier. This will also assist in restoring customer confidence. In fact, the process of selecting another supplier would require more than just enough time and it would be better off if Avion, Inc. clear all the current deals first. 4) The best way to resolve the issue is by getting to the bottom of the problem. It is important for the company to seek the root cause of the problem, who was actually responsible or failed to do their part and the reason why that happen. In fact, blame game cannot help much at this point. Every detail should be keenly filtered in a bid to establish the truth and possible solutions for the same. The reverse method can achieve much in the process of resolving this problem. Although the magnitude of the problem might appear to be small, no single element can be ignored because it may as well as graduate to level difficult to handle. 5) As a customer, it is imperative to play our parts well and in a manner that will not jeopardize the relationship with the supplier or producer. The bargain end with the supplier should be clear to avoid any possible misunderstanding which may arise due to late deliveries or wrong quantities of deliveries. Additionally, good customer will equally seek an understanding with the supplier whenever some eventualities occur. For instance, delays which may result from transport logistics should not cause a breaking point in the relationship between the supplier and customer. Therefore, it is possible to maintain a cordial relationship between the customer and supplier if the former can resort to understanding of the situation at hand. 6) When the supply chain is keenly monitored or scrutinized at every important point, it will account to what is referred to as performance measurement. This does not only assist in assessing the progress of the chain but also giving a thorough evaluation of how efficient the process is running. Information obtained from performance can be used to make necessary adjustments whenever weaknesses are noted. Performance measurement will also ensure that extremely weak points within the supply chain are overhauled or completely modifies. Hence, it is a very important form of monitoring and evaluation which will always ensure sustained growth in a company. 7) The supply chain logistics will definitely experience change from time to time bearing in mind that the market if often very dynamic and which will quite regularly call for changes. Nevertheless, any change effected will depend on a wide array of factors which must also be put into consideration. Every individual change needs to undergo some form of evaluation to see into it that it will not cause any constraint but rather will enhance the supply process. Factors such as the nature and volume of goods to be shipped, time of delivery as well as the location may also bring in several changes on board although by the end of the day, all the aforementioned factors still belong to the supply chain command. When changes in these aspects are carried out with due diligence, the performance index of the supply chain can record significant growth and success. 8) The duration of time taken when an order is placed by a customer and finally receiving the goods is referred to as the lead time. Reducing the lead time by Avion will imply that the latter will be able to secure more time to continue with production owing to the fact more deliveries to customers will be made within the shortest time possible. More orders will be procured by the company and on the other hand, the level of customer satisfaction will definitely be high due to prompt deliveries. Consequently, Avion will be in a position o make more profit. 9) It is necessary to consider both the single source contract and the multiple source contracts. In the first case, goods are obtained from one supplier regardless of the circumstances at hand. On the other hand, multiple source contract permits the customer to obtain goods from a variety of suppliers. The main advantage of the multiple source contracts is that it is always possible to make adjustments in the supply needs depending on the market forces such as demand. However, if the single source contract is adopted, it will be imperative for both the customer and the supplier to create some working goal to be adhered to just in case the two parties break from the norm. in order to improve the relationship between the supplier and the customer, it is upon the customer to set some specific targets which will also match the ability and capacity of the supplier so that minimal hitch is encountered in course of the two carrying out transactions. The guidelines to be followed by the suppli er and the customer should be clearly understood by the two and by so doing; the supply chain will experience positive growth. 10) This case has presented a myriad of issues which definitely require to be addressed expeditiously in order to avoid similar challenges arising in future. The supply chain process can be made better if the following proposals are put into action. Avion should seek to avoid extremely large quantities as far as deliveries are concerned. In addition, they should stick to their time and program of deliveries as agreed upon by Foster technologies. Moreover, the lead time should be borne in mind by Avion so that prompt deliveries are put in place. Quantity of good to be shipped in a given period of time should be well known so that Foster Technologies can fit into the delivery and production schedule. Should there be any changes on the same to be effected, it should be counterchecked and approved beforehand by the manager in charge of production. The increased orders from Avion require a specialist who can offer proper and thorough management. In fact, Avion Inc had at one time pointed out on the size of Foster Technologies and was concerned whether it would be able to effectively handle its production capacity. One of the best monitoring and evaluation systems which should be initiated is that of measurement technique. This will a ssist in getting the feedback on the progress of the supply chain and any changes effected should there be need to do so. The challenges portrayed in this case study are sometimes inevitable and can best be resolved if the root causes are established right from the start. PURCHASING CASE STUDY 2 What do you do in the first 60 days? I will begin by restructuring all the departments in each of the plants after a careful evaluation of the current state. To be able to achieve this, meetings will be necessary. All the departmental representatives will have to attend regular meetings to report on the pertinent information regarding operations within their areas of concern. Besides, each of the individual plants should have the willingness to experience change. For instance, there would be no need for plant managers to be directly responsible vice president of operations. This will just be creating a very long chain of command and will also slow down the implementation of some decisions. I will personally meet them on a regular basis to expedite operations in addition to improving the cohesiveness of the tea. Reforming the way outsourcing is carried out will also form an integral part of this new development. Each plant should be allocated adequate working staff and responsibilities so that an alliance can be initiated easily. Besides, it will be possible for each plant to outsource some of the products which can be cheap and also within reach. This will boost the production capacity and in turn improve the performance of each plant. The logistics should also be customized to fit the capacity of each plant. This will require the use of another party. What relationships will be critical to your success? The communication between the plant managers and I will be very important because it is only through them that intrinsic issues can reach me before eventually reaching the top authority. Such issues can be sorted out between the two of us before elevating tem to the next level. These will jumpstart our relationship. Moreover, it is through such coordination and good relationship that the essentials of team work will be established within the organisation. Those who are not working inside the organisation also require to be recognized and good relationship built. For example, there will be need to build a warm relationship with customers and suppliers so that the image of the organization can be impressive. If customers are treated kindly, it will assure the organisation lifeline and market sustain ability will be guaranteed. In the case of suppliers, a long lasting and warm relationship is important especially if it is a case of single source contract. They form an integral part of the organisation bearing in mind that without them, the supply chain will be incomplete. PURCHASING Case Study 3 Many outsourcing decisions involve the concept of a core competency. Define what is meant by this term. Discuss if film technology is truly a core competency of Santek Prahalad and Gary (1990) described core competence as the best initiative which can be taken by a firm and which also meets the three conditions that is the product should prove to be beneficial to the consumer, competitors should not be in a position to produce easy substitutes which are similar to the product and finally it can dominate most markets which implies that the product has a wide leverage power. Finally, Santek Images has a wide global market for its film products. The single competitor may not adequately make Santek Images to lose the grip of the market. Hence, film technology proves to be the core competency of Santek Images. Develop a process that would guide firms through the in-sourcing/outsourcing process. Create a process that is robust enough to use across a variety of product/service applications This begins with the thorough training of the working staff who may either be in-sourced or outsourced. This is important because the background knowledge of the product being handled is crucial. The marketing of the product is also an important undertaking. A professional endowed with marketing background should be sought in this field. Time zones which affects the working hours of employees is also an important consideration to bear in mind. Hence, shifts for the workers should be well planned to take care of eventualities like accidents at work place. Financial availability of the project should be analyzed by an efficient project manager who should give the right feedback. The manager can either be outsourced or in-sourced. Workers who are outsourced should be well oriented or perhaps the company should have the understanding of the workers located in different parts and plan for their working requirements in the most satisfying manner. Projects which prove to be less volatile an d more stable should be given priority. This will make it possible for development to be carried out in the most uniform way. Each project should be well monitored to ensure that completion is effected at the right time. Indeed, large groups can be assigned a particular project to expedite completion time. A major challenge with an in-sourcing/outsourcing analysis involves gathering reliable data. Discuss the various groups that should be involved when conducting an in-sourcing/outsourcing analysis. What information can each of these groups provide? One of the most viable groups which can be used when conducting outsourcing/in-sourcing analysis is a team which has the professional background in marketing. This team can equally hold meetings with product suppliers who are well versed in the supply field. Such sources of primary information are often deemed to be the best. Nevertheless, the sources of information may include websites, reports from various fields as well as the internet. These sources may sometimes lack consistency or accuracy and may not be fully relied on. Market players who are well experienced in outsourcing or in-sourcing can be used to obtain information pertaining to market research because they have a wide range of relevant data which can be helpful. The data collected in the above processes is then processed, analyzed and used as guidelines for introducing a new product into the market against any possible challenges which may be experienced. 4) Do you think hardware suppliers are candidates for alliances or partnerships with Santek? Why? I suppose an alliance system would work well between the two parties bearing in mind that Santek Images primarily deal with matters related to media and should the latter continue to outsource, then an alliance system will eventually be established making it easier for it to acquire all its suppliers with ease. In addition, the operations of Santek images are quite different with that of the hardware supplies and so it getting into a partnership may mismatch their working portfolio. It is more rewarding if an alliance could be established between the two parties. Partnerships and alliances are special forms of supplier-buyer relationships. First, define the concept of partnerships and alliances. Second, identify when a firm should pursue a partnership or alliance with selected suppliers. Use the portfolio segmentation tool to assist with your answer A Partnership is a form of business arrangement whereby two or more players enter into a contract to start and run a business enterprise. The capital required to start and run the business is contributed by all the partners in the agreement. On the same note, profits and losses are also shared in the same proportion as the amount of capital contributed. Partners in a business may be of different types, some may actively participate in the running of the business while others may be passive in their roles. On the other hand, a business contract which has been facilitated by two or more businesses as a result of seeking ways of improving performance is referred to as an alliance. Some of the reasons why businesses can resort to alliance system are to reduce production costs and also improve customer experience of the goods and services being offered. Risks and opportunities are taken care of by all the members in the alliance. I strongly believe that partnerships can work well in situa tions where both businesses have a comparative operating capacity in the market and that none of the partners has an advantage position than the other. An alliance is best applied when there is need to outsource products from another company due to cost advantage among other reasons. Each of the organization in the alliance is independent to run its affairs and none can stamp an authority over the other. Develop a process that firms can use when identifying and developing supply chain alliances Firstly, planning forms the fundamental starting point when developing the supply chain alliances. It begins by choosing an organisation which has the capacity to form the best alliance. In addition, the goals and objectives need to be clearly crafted out including the requirements of which services to be offered. The evaluation process should also be established to ensure that performance timelines and deadlines are met. Agreements which are mutually beneficial should be anchored so that no alliance member gets a feeling of unfair deal. This will also usher in the need to harness a good working relationship among the alliance members who are supposed to share any pertinent information regarding the agreement. Furthermore, matters regarding tradeoffs should be discussed in details to allow a profitable venture experience between or among the alliance members. Finally, training should be organized to cater for the capacity building and professionalism of the staff across the organizat ions. This will definitely improve the standard of the employees and commodities and services being delivered.

Enduring Love Extract :: essays research papers

In an extract from Ian McEwan’s ‘Enduring Love’ the main character, Joe, faces many conflicts emotionally. In Joe’s mind, his emotions and rational thought pull him in two different directions when all he seeks is a common answer. In order to portray Joe’s emotional distress, ‘Enduring Love’ is told through first person narration. Joe searches for logical explanations but the more he looks, the further the truth seems to be. The day after John Logan’s death, Joe’s conscious makes the whole event ‘illumined and animated’ in his mind. He begins to relive the nightmare, trying to find the right answers. His guilty conscious accuses him of ‘kill[ing] (John Logan)’. Joe cannot deal with his new-found responsibility and tries to find what he believes to be the ‘truth’. On one hand, he wants the truth to be that he was not an accomplice in a man’s death yet on the other hand he wants to know what actually happened and who was the cause of it. However, the truth is, he will never know. He is left with questions and he who believes entirely in science, math and the nature of knowing, can’t comprehend this fact. Joe analyzes the situation using his mathematical and scientific knowledge. He believes that ‘eight hundred pounds would have kept [them] close to the ground’ and therefore, the ‘first person’ to let go is at fault. He is looking for someone to blame and so places all the responsibility on this one soul. Yet he does not want to be this person, when he knows he very well could be. The thought of this being possible is excruciating and he obsessively tells himself that it was ‘not [him]’. He only wants the truth if the person turned out to be him. Joe tries manipulating mathematics to make ‘calculations’ regarding the balloon incident and uses his analytical mind to find answers yet he never allows his feelings to consume him. He’s always analyzing his own thoughts. He wants a selected truth not reality. Joe’s conflict is also shown through a repetition of certain words. They show his feelings transition from self- blame to searching for the culprit. While trying to ease his mind, Joe no longer uses the word ‘I’. He can’t take his own accusations and so places the blame on the group as a whole. He repetitively uses the word ‘we’ when referring to what could have been done but was not.

Flags of All Countries :: Essays Papers

Flags of All Countries Flags hold a personal fascination for me. On the World Wide Web, â€Å"Flags of all Countries† made me sit up and take notice. This site can be found at www.immigration-usa.com/flags/. I have written of certain flags and the memories they invoke in the past. Who would have thought so much information could be packed into a site that at face value is about rectangular pieces of fabric? Even though I did no research of my own into this area, the site seemed factual and well documented. Flags of all Countries chose as their â€Å"Web Master† noteworthy ITA, or Information Technology Associates. This company specializes in geographic references, web design, software, and domestic and international flags. ITA is a company that strives to help people by making information available. They sell software to immigrants, the United States government, foreign governments, large corporations, hospitals, and to interested individuals. With such a broad range of consumers, ITA has established a reputable, trustworthy reputation. Photius Coutsoukis, a man known and rewarded for his online translators and online stores, founded Information Technology Associates in 1994. From that date the company blossomed from an education site for United States immigrants to a software boutique, e-merchant, and a major Internet publisher. All this information contributed to the credibility of the â€Å"Flags of all Countries† site. â€Å"Flags of all Countries† is also very user friendly. Every contemporary country in the world is listed. Each country listed is a link to either a list of the states in that country or the flag of the country itself. This list is located in the visible center column where it is easily accessible. The site also has links located on a column on the left side where the user can find the symbolism and brief history of each flag, or bring up â€Å"quick-maps† of any and all countries. Also available is information on immigration and general facts about the specific countries listed. There is so much information offered it appears impossible to exhaust. This site also gives the user an opportunity to easily paste any of the flags on a personal web page.

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Role of Allie :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Role of Allie in Catcher in the Rye  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Some authors create characters that appear briefly or not at all, but are a significant presence.   Even though he was dead, Allie affected the action, theme and development of Holden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The death of Holden's younger brother Allie played an important role in Holden's actions.   Holden could not deal with his death and showed it by causing physical harm to himself.   He did this to escape the pain he was feeling inside.   Holden said that Allie was "terrifically intelligent" and the "nicest" person.   Because Allie died so young, Holden felt that his innocence was taken away from him. This led to many of Holden's actions.   Such as, Holden acted out and pretended to be people so that you could deal with the pain he felt inside.   It caused Holden to condone something that he was strongly opposed to as a mere escape from the present.   This is a direct result of the strife Allie’s death left on Holden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of   Catcher in the Rye was greatly influenced by Allie. Because of his early death, Holden felt his innocence had been stolen.   In reaction to this Holden felt it was his responsibility to protect the innocence of all children.   As a result he developed a job that he would like to have-- "a catcher in the rye."   He would stand at the edge of a cliff and catch the kids who were about to fall off.   This meant that if someone was about to lose their innocence, Holden would save them.   If it weren’t for Allie, Holden would not feel obligated to act as a proctector of innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel, Holden repeatedly asked Allie not to let him disappear. Holden felt like he was becoming invisible to the work around him.   He had great respect for Allie and knew that if anyone could save him, Allie could. During one incident, Holden calls for Allie.   This marks his breakdown.   It is then, because of Allie, that he realizes that it is inevitable that he will grow up. Holden is put in a psychiatric hospital.

Racial Discrimination Essay

A strong, intelligent man, Martin Luther King Jr., once said, â€Å"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter,† and what mattered 50 years ago, was finding a sense of equality in the world. That each person could feel as if they were all equal to one another, without feeling misplaced, but at home. King took a stand for people too scared to let their words be heard, taking on the walls that stood between segregation and equal rights. His strong words gave a sense of realization, that all people, black or white should have equal rights, and feel just as safe and free as all of the others. After a long fight for equality in the world, racial discrimination is still hiding in the shadows, causing much conflict between our many diverse races in the world. In order to solve racial discrimination, every school in America, students and staff, will have to participate in anti-racial discrimination programs, to stop the advancement of racial discriminatio n. James T. Patterson educates his audience in his article, The Civil Rights Movement: Major Events and Legacies that about 7 million slaves were brought to America in the late 1600s. These slaves were sold to North America from the European settlers. Our country became dependent on the slaves for the production of crops, such as tobacco and cotton (Patterson Par. 1). Slavery ended in 1865, after the long battle of the Civil War, which began in 1861. The end of the war granted millions of slaves their freedom, citizenship, and the right to vote, no matter their race. Unfortunately, most white people were not okay with this occurrence, so they created certain laws that were designed specifically to give blacks unequal treatment. Along with these new laws, an organization called the Ku Klux Klan was formed to intimidate and stop the advancement of black people in society. Segregation then came in to play in 1896, when black people were said to be equal to white people in society but were made to be separated by their color. Whites and blacks all had their designated areas, where the different race could not enter. For example, public restrooms had signs outside that  stated which bathroom was for which race to use. Looking from the outside in, there was much realization that specific places for blacks were in bad condition in comparison to places designated to white people. Oppression was the basis of segregation. Two ladies, named Susan Bohmer and Joyce Briggs, defined oppression as â€Å"attitudes, behaviors, and pervasive and systematic social arrangements by which members of one group are exploited and subordinated while members of another groups are granted privileges.† Since black people were separated by the color of their skin, and not given the same rights and privileges as white people, it entitled them to be labeled as oppressed. There are still groups today that experience oppression. (Patterson Par 2). Eventually, in 1964 the Civil Rights Act gave way to protect citizens from discrimination, by prohibiting segregation in schools, public places, and employment. Within the following year, this act created equal voting rights between races (Patterson Par. 4). Robert M. Entant explains in his article, The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America, that after much hardship and fight for equality between races, our nation witnessed the first African American male and female become Secretary of State in 2001. Eight years later, Barack Obama became the first African American to become President of the United States of America. These explicit events gave proof of how far our nation has come to give all races the right to not be discriminated against (Entman 2). Although today many blacks have overcome the white domination, they tend to carry insecurities of their past with them, as they continue to feel lower than the white race. Racial discrimination is still in the shadows of today, but there are many potential solutions that could possibly eliminate racial discrimination altogether, but may take a lot of time. Such as the NAACP group, that started in the year 1909, that was formed â€Å"†¦to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination (Patterson Par. 2)†. My  potential solution will be similar to this organization, as it will be open to anyone that is willing to participate and wants to fight for equality. After the organization is put into action, members will be sent to different schools, from elementary schools all the way to colleges, teaching students about racial discrimination. These visits will include lessons based on the history of racial discrimination, examples of people who have experienced racial discrimination, and how they have dealt with it. Another important part of this aw areness will include involvement from the students. As I will ask them to partake in giving examples of personal experiences involving racial discrimination or inequality. Having students share their experiences will show that they are not dealing with this on their own, but that others have experienced it also, and they can then relate to each other. After each lesson, I will then have everyone brainstorm their own kinds of solutions that they can perform everyday to minimize racial discrimination, so that one day it can hopefully be completely gone. This solution will eventually solve the issue of racial discrimination in the aspect of society and single individuals. Many potential students may not want to participate in the lessons provided, for they feel uncomfortable or just do not care about the problem at hand, but will be forced to partake in the lessons. These lessons will be as mandatory as a math class or English class. They will have no choice in the matter, as they need these lessons to improve racial discrimination rates in our society today. Racial discrimination is a learned accusation, usually influenced by an authority in a person’s life. Even through not everyone recognizes this problem; it is still an issue in many lives. With that said, my solution will potentially give relief to the world, giving everyone the chance to feel equal to one another. This solution may not make dramatic change in a short period of time, but if the students I teach, give effort to making our world an equal place, lives will change. â€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.†Ã‚  This inspiring quote came from the intelligent mind of Martin Luther King Jr., the man who took a stand for equality in the world. After his long fight against racial discrimination his life was taken for standing in the darkness of challenge and controversy. Our world may not be completely healed and safe from our history but we are learning that we are all human, no matter what race we are, or the history that trails behind us. Work Cited Entman, Robert M. The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America.The University of Chicago Press.2000.Web. 2 May 2014. Patterson, James T. The Civil Rights Movement: Major Events and Legacies. The Glinder Lehrman Institute of American History.2014.Web. 2 May 2014.

Comparison of Necrosis and Apoptosis Essay

Discuss the similarities and differences between the two types of cell death, Necrosis and Apoptosis. Both necrosis and apoptosis are the two types of cell death than can occur when a cell has undergone harm or disease. Necrosis is an uncontrolled process in which there is a complete breakdown of cellular homeostatis with a large unco-ordinates breakdown of all cellular constituents. Necrosis can occur due to many factors such as an infection or failure of blood supply (ischemia). Examples of necrosis can includes Fat necrosis (seen in patients with breast cancer), Caseous necrosis and coagulation necrosis (common in TB patients). On the other hand, Apoptosis is a controlled process, which is often referred to as ‘programmed cell death’ and involves the cell undergoing a sequence of events to eliminate harmful cells without releasing harmful substances to the area. Apoptosis can undergo 2 pathways, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. When looking at the morphological features related to necrosis, compared to that of apoptosis, it can be seen that necrosis has a loss of membrane integrity, and the uncontrollable process eventually eats away at the cells core membrane, whilst apoptosis deals with the membrane by ‘blebbing’ the plasma, yet leaving the membrane in tact. No vesicle’s are formed for necrosis compared to apoptosis where there are some membrane bound vesicles. Necrosis undergoes total lysis (death) and the term ‘karylolysis’ is given for when the cells nucleus dies, although apoptosis is known to be a programmed form of cell death, the mechanisms highlight that the cells are fragmented into smaller bodies and the body naturally removes them, without causing an inflammatory response, compared to necrosis where an inflammatory response is created. Biochemical features include the need of ATP for apoptosis to occur, yet necrosis can happen freely without any form of energy supplied. DNA is randomly digested and the death is some what ‘random’ and unorganised, affecting neighbouring tissue (secondary), whilst that of apoptosis involves oligonucleosomal fragmentation of DNA, penetrating the nuclesome rarther that digestion. The intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis shows the release of  cytochrome C to occur by cytoplasm, eventually helping the cell, where as necrosis produces no beneficial products after performing cell death. To conclude, both necrosis and apoptosis are forms of cell death. Whilst one is an uncontrollable process, involving random and lethal harm to cells and surrounding tissues, one is somewhat ‘programmed’ and benefits the cells by removing those that have been affected by an injurious stimuli (such as an infection of lack of blood). Necrosis is a ‘messy’ process producing gross matter, whilst apoptosis releases useful content back into the body. Morpholical and biochemical features are highlight the main differences between both forms of cell death, and as these continue to be performed silently within our body, they can cause either good, or bad consequences.

Youth Migration

Our world is a big global village. With the opening up of the world economy resulting in free movement of youth, both within their countries & across the nations for better education , better jobs , better quality of life ,migration, both internal and international ,has emerged as a burning issue. Migration is a multi-dimensional,transnational,multicultural issue. It is acomplex problem. It is not a simple demographic or economic problem; there are socio-psycological,cultural,ethnic,legal issues involved. The issue of migration needs to be examined in a holistic manner.In today’s world, knowledge is power and Information is the key to success. In most third world & developing nations, the youth is rural and semi-urban areas are confronted with poor educational Infrastructure. In Indian context, there are broadly three types of schools- (i) schools having teachers and children but no buildings or insufficient classrooms,(ii) schools having buildings and students, but no teacher s ,(iii) schools having buildings and teachers ,but no students because of non-availability of quality teachers , educational tools & equipments.The colleges in these areas are no better. Next is lack of quality technical &vocational education, lack of qualified science teachers, scientific tools, equipments and other educational infrastructure. Lack of quality educational infrastructure in rural &semi-urban areas in most Third world & Developing nations focus the mere ambitious modern rural youth to migrate to schools & colleges in cities & metropolis. More than 75% of rural population is dependent on agriculture, but ironically agriculture is neither remunerative nor sustainable.For example, 75% of land in rural India is owned by 5% of landlords, big farmers & absentee landlords. Shoddy land reforms fragmentation of land leading to uneconomic size of land holidays ,lack of modernization & commercialization of agriculture, further marginalization of marginal farmers have forced mod ern youth to move to urban areas for better education ,better employment opportunities & better quality of life. The factors that drive migration of youth from rural to urban areas at the micro-level are more or less the same that determine migrant motives at he International level . Better education, better employment opportunities, better vertical and horizontal mobility in job situations, more lucrative pay packets , better quality of life and increasing aspirations of the youth in a liberal free economic world are the migrant motives . The number of young students from Third World countries & Developing economies like India & China in American & Western Universities has quadrupled over the last two decades.For some a foreign degree is a status symbol; but for the majority of students from poor Third world countries & developing economies it is the quest for knowledge & better job prospects that drive them to migrate to American and Western Universities & Colleges . Developing ec onomies like China , Japan , India, Brazil motivate their students, even at times with state sponsorships & scholarships , to study in Western Universities for acquiring better knowledge & with access to modern technologies. Income maximization, social mobility & social status, yearning for better qualities of life propels this youth to join schools of Higher Learning.With economic & civilizational gaps between countries narrowing down day by day, the culture shock appears minimal & non-existent. Peer group influences also act as a motivating factor. Youth migration, both within the country and at international level, is a modern day reality & not to be looked down with suspicion or anxiety. World economies have opened up; nations & nationalities have become more liberal & tolerant; people to people contact, industry to industry contact besides Government to Government contact has become more democratic & participative.A sort of give and take operates between the rich and powerful n ations & the developing & Third world countries. International trade & commerce, technology development particularly after the recent economic meltdown has made world economies more interdependent. No one nation can solve the problems facing the world. A new world has emerged where the Rich and poor nations need each other. In such scenario, International migration, both in the sending country as well as in the receiving country, has affected one & all.It has thrown open new challenges & opportunities for the Governments & for communities & nationalities. The migrant youth, while migrating to an alien land, no more suffers for cultural shock; he slowly gets integrated in the alien land, becomes part of its society, its culture & its economy. He contributes to the development process in the receiving country; he, in return, receives a better pay packet & leads a better quality of life. Next are, of course, occasional racial discriminations & race related crimes; but they are of negli gible proportions.There are however attendant problems like social and family dislocations in the sending country, greater pressure on the urban infrastructure in the receiving country. Next are occasional hue & cry in Developed economies regarding their jobs being cornered by youth from developing nations, thus contributing to increasing unemployment & resultant social tensions. At the domestic level, migration from rural to urban areas has put enormous pressure on urban civic amenities like housing, health, education, drinking water, sanitation etc.The brain drain from rural to urban areas has left the villages bereft of the best hands. There is a growing hiatus between Urban India and Rural India & the same is the case with all developing and third world countries. At the International level, free movement of youth for education & employment has meant that young immigrants make up an important and increasing share of the labor force in the receiving countries, particularly in the Developed economies. Instead of stealing they have significantly contributed to this growth in employment in these economies.With the relative & absolute size of the working population in the west getting smaller, the youth from countries like India have filled up the void. Net change in the working age population in the countries has a direct bearing on the net youth migration levels. In the western economies, there is a net shortage of labor in particular jobs like ICT, Health, Sciences, Construction & transport, hotels, cleaning & domestic sector. This has helped inflow of labor force from Developing & Third world countries.It also has meant that cultural and social integration of immigrants & their families into the Western labor market & society has become smoother & faster. Adaptability levels in the host nations has increased manifold. So far as sending countries are concerned, brain drain is the biggest challenge. But migrant remittances have grown manifold which has helped the emigrant youth to improve the quality of life of their family members & communities back home. International migration is a complex & complicated issue- a multidimensional one.The economic meltdown in the Developed economies, the war in Afghanistan, Iraq, a terrorism ridden Pakistan, the turmoil in the Arab world have made international migration, both legal and illegal, a burning issue. For more than 214 million international immigrants life has been uncertain, often treacherous. It has thrown open the debate of shared prosperity & shared responsibilities- it is both a challenge as well as an opportunity for various stakeholders to carve out a balanced mutually agreeable paradigm that will maximize the developmental benefits of migration for both the sending & receiving countries.Migration benefits all the stakeholders when it is legal, open, just and orderly. Young migrants, both skilled & unskilled labor, have helped in reducing imbalances in International labor market. Youn g migrants from the Third world & Developing countries like China, India, Brazil bring with them hard work, creativity, cheap labor, entreprenuerial ability, dependence & loyalty. Modern day youth are constantly on the move- they help promote exchange of ideas, values, expertise & knowledge.There are about 214 million international migrants out of which 128 million live in Developed countries of which 58% have their origin in developing countries. With the economic meltdown, there has been a net decline of young migrants from developing countries. The worst hit sectors like finance, construction, manufacturing & infrastructure in the Developed countries have negatively impacted the flow of young migrants to the Developed countries.In spite of this, there is demand for highly skilled young workers, entrepreneurs, unskilled & semi-skilled labor in sectors like health, ICT & construction. These sectors remain to be fulfilled by migrants from Developing countries. But because of the eco nomic crisis & slow industrial recovery in the west, unemployment among youth is rising, particularly among the children of immigrants. This leads to farther marginalization amongst 2nd & 3rd generation immigrants leading to social tension, racial conflicts & alienation.There has been some panic knee-jerk reactions of Governments in the Developed countries who have tried to reduce migration by reducing quotas, adopting more stringent labor market tests, not renewing work permits, forcing private & state sector players to adopt a more pro-native recruitment policy & reducing the size of the labor market. So far as their countries of origin is concerned, international migrants, particularly the young skilled, semi-skilled & unskilled labor, have helped improve the living standards of their family members left behind by way of remittances.The nearly 316 billion dollars the immigrants sent home in 2009 not only helped improve the standard of living of the families, but contributed to th e increase in foreign exchange reserves in these countries thus adding to their economic resilience in a bad economic year. The countries of origin have included international migration as a key focus area in this scheme of development, often by joining up with major stakeholders in drawing up plans and programs that benefit the migrants, their families, & the community at a large.Some countries of origin have developed innovative ways of involving the expatriate communities by facilitating transfer of collective remittances or by issuing ‘diaspora bonds’ to revise capital from these sources. As an initiate, the countries of origin have undertaken proactive policies & strategies of helping these expatriate communities by facilitating support for labor migration, improve protection in foreign soil, facilitating transfer of remittances & safe return of migrants.Multilateral agencies like Inter-American Development Bank & International Fund for Agricultural Development hav e been seized of the issues of reduction of remittance transfer costs. Some donor countries & agencies have taken initiative in engaging & supporting expartites in their home countries by way of providing free expertise, services & advice for development of countries of origin. International migration of youth bring in its wake myriad opportunities & challenges at the migrant’s level, at the family and community level.Better pay packets for the youth ensures better standard of life for migrants, their families & their home country. In states like Kerala & Andhra Pradesh in India, most of the families have a young qualified and skilled hand serving abroad, as engineers, doctors, nurses, science teachers, construction workers, skilled, semiskilled & unskilled. In the last two decades, most of the families & the community in general have prospered economically & socially of the foreign remittances their son or daughter sends home.The Gujarati youth carry with them entrepreneuria l abilities & expertise world order & carved out a niche of their own in the field of business & industry. There is upward mobility, both economic & social, not only for these young migrants, but their families, kith & kin & the communities left behind in their home countries. The economic possibility of the people of Kerala, A. P. , Gujarat & Punjab can, to a large extent, be attributed to the youth migration in these states to greener & better pastures in the West & Third World countries & the fat remittances they send home.While international migration, mostly economic, has had boosted the economy of the migrant, their families, their communities & the nation as a whole, the socio-psychological & cultural effects of such migration deserve attention. It is particularly relevant in Indian context, when joint family system still remains dominant. The departure of a young family member staying & serving at thousands of miles away passes serious psychological problems for aged, family members, young brothers & sisters and the peer groups at large.It creates a psychological vacuum and raises serious problems of adaptability. There is a major problem in the lack of social support system or programmes both for the young migrants as well as their family members left behind. There is an urgency in addressing the issue of understanding how youth migration impacts parental needs & family needs. The old feel neglected & the young feel uncared for. The community feels betrayed. The society, over a period of time, forgets the young migrant who in their eyes has ceased to belong to them, at least socially & psychologically.Due to lack of constant support, old parents & other members of the family left behind by the young children became a socially & psychologically vulnerable group with high risk of psychological & behavioral disorders, including alienation & feeling of isolation & depression. While the benefits if International migration to individual migrants, their fami lies, communities & the nationalities are visible & apparent, the visible & invisible cost is an urgent area of concern.While international remittances have helped improve the quality of life of millions back home, sustained poor economics, improved the balance of payment situation & contributed to foreign exchange reserves, the hidden cost & visible cost can no longer be swept under the carpet. The socio-psychological impact on family members left behind, the flight of intellectual capital from developing to developed countries, issues of migrant integration, exploitation of cheap labor, lack of a policy of Inclusive development of migration pose serious challenges for our political & business leaders & policy planners.Protection of migrants, cases of racial abuses & human rights violations call for a multidimensional approach to various aspects of International migration, particularly its linkages with development, Inclusive growth, human rights & natural justice. With knowledge h olding the key in a globalized economy, international migration of youth for better education & better pay packet is going to be on the rise. In the Third world & developing economies it has developed into a permanent & integral structural part of the body politic & economy.Lack of opportunities, disparity amongst economies & within economies, divergent demographic dynamics, internal upheavals in home countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan & Arab world have acted as a ‘push factor’ for international migration. Labor market imbalances, availability of cheap labor, both skilled & unskilled from Asia-pacific countries, economic dependence & inter-linkages amongst nations, rich & poor and growing aspirations of the people I these countries have propelled migration of youth across boundaries.There has also been flow of expert labor from the Developed to developing countries, at times necessitated by transfer of technology, collaboration & joint ventures projects or as strings attached to an economic or technological aid package. Both in the receiving & sending countries, there is a growing realization amongst policy makers and think tanks that international migration & development are interdependent & interlinked. Since international migration is multidimensional, multicultural, multidisciplinary in character, we need to address the challenges in a more humane, understanding & co-operative atmosphere.It requires integration & cooperation at the local, regional & transnational levels amongst governments, societies & communities. There is a growing feeling that we can address the negative impacts of international migration & maximize benefits to both the sending & receiving countries by involving a collaboration & well coordinated framework within the V. N. system. Such a framework should be well supported by Governments in both countries of origin & countries of destination, backed by civil society.That way it can transcend cultural boundaries & take into account factors like cultural accommodation &integration, human rights, natural justice & fair play. Countries in Asia Pacific region account for nearly 30%of world’s 200 million international migrants, majority of them youths, both as sending and receiving countries. Young talented, skilled youth from India, China, Phillipines etc. make their destination to US, Canada, Australia & Europe for higher quality education as well as meeting the growing technological, semi-technological needs in these countries.Beside the labor market needs, family reunification account for major chunk of international migration. Besides transnational migration, inter-regional & intra-regional migration is on the rise. You will find a large number of young engineers, doctors, construction workers, health workers from India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia & Phillipines making their way to Gulf nations & Australia. This fills up the labor gaps & corrects labor imbalances in the region. The Gulf countrie s & countries in South East Asia have emerged as temporary hub of labor migration from South Asia.Feminization of International migration is a discernible feature in the last decade or so. Large no. of young female workers, particularly in the health, ICT, infrastructure & services & domestic sector from countries of India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan & Bangladesh make their way to the Developed countries for attractive economic packages & then fill the gap in the labor market. There is a big outflow of temporary contract labor from Asia, particularly South Asia & South- East Asia for labor intensive 3D jobs (dirty, dangerous & difficult) , particularly in sectors like construction, agriculture, manufacturing & cleaning services.Women construct laborers who got engaged in domestic sectors or in cleaning services & construction activities often are lowly paid & also explicated at the hands of middlemen & service providers. There is a large number of illegal migrants who make their way to the Gulf countries. It is difficult to know the exact no. of such laborers since a sizable chunk do not register with national authorities. Besides, large no. of illegal migrants make their way because of porous geographic boundaries.For example, every year lakhs of Bangladeshis illegally enter India for better economic opportunities through the porous boundary. Similarly, there is free outflow of migrants within & amongst the countries of erstwhile USSR. Because of the limited role played by Governments, these temporary migrants & conduct labor get exploited at the hands of private recruitment agencies, particularly in the countries of South Asia. Labor trafficking, particularly construct laborers & women laborers by private recruiting agencies using the means of deception is rampant in the Asia-Pacific region.The lack of a clear policy by the Governments in the region, rampant corruption by authorities and a pathetic attitude of authorities have altered the private players a f ield day in exploiting the young migrants, particularly women. The poor economic status of young men & women makes them a vulnerable group. They get financially, physically & sexually exploited at the hands of private players. In the name of migration, young women migrants, particularly from South Asia & South East Asia get lured by the private players to the Gulf countries & exploited, used & abused in the process.These helpless young women are victims of sexual exploitation, forced marriages & domestic slavery in the rich Gulf nations. In the name of Contract labor, there are a large number of repulsed cases of women being forced into prostitution or used as keeps in the Gulf countries. Since Islamic society does not provide them much protection, young women, particularly from South Asia & S. E. Asia, are often lured into forced marriages or land up in brothels in Gulf countries. Brain drain & brain gain are a major area of concern in international migration.In the past, brain dra in from poor but talented countries like India, China, Pakistan & South East Asia was a major area of concern because flight of talented & skilled human capital from these countries affected national productivity & technological innovation & hit key sections like health, education, research & development & technology. But with the emerging economies of India, China, Brazil, South Africa & oil rich Arab countries embanking on a path of 9% to 10% growth rate with emphasis on individual production, infrastructure, better education & health care, a reverse brain drain is taking place.In some sectors, brain gain has really happened. Some of these governments have adopted a dual strategy of retention & return. By offering dual citizenship & sops for setting up industries & liberalizing terms & conditions of investment & providing tax breaks, these countries have succeeded in mobilizing the rich migrants to either return or invest in profitable ventures or in the share market in their home countries.Countries like India have created a new department in Government for overseas Indians which addresses their concerns & problems, both abroad & at home. The Annual NRI meet organized by Government of India & meeting specific communities like Gujaratis by Gujarat state Government is aimed at attracting & involving the rich NRIs in profitable ventures at home. Some Governments have adopted a policy & strategy of mobilizing the diaspora which helps in transfer of knowledge, skills, technology & capital that makes up for flight of human capital from the home country.The key areas of action requires simplification of procedures for remittances so that illegal transfers are avoided. The understanding of the implications of gender dimensions of international migration, the concerns & needs of the families of migrants left behind at home, preparing the second & third generation migrants to take up the new challenges so that they don’t find isolated or disillusioned, taking care of the health & educational eeds of the migrants & their family members & ensuring smooth integration of the emigrants in the country of destination are issues of urgent concern. The basic civil rights of the migrants needs to be looked into by the Governments & civil society. The key areas of action & co-operation for broadening the opportunities of young migrants requires their psychological, social & economic integration in the process of development both in the receiving & sending country.In order to fully understand & utilize the potentials & benefits of international migration, both the countries of origin & destination need to evolve suitable migration management policies taking care of welfare of migrants & their integration into the socio-economic agenda, poverty amelioration strategy in the sending countries, racial & social integration in the receiving countries. National & regional developmental goals should be reflected in the migration policies. There must also be policy coherence at the national, regional & international levels. The civil & legal rights of the migrants must be ensured at all costs.The Governments, in both sending & receiving countries, must put in place mechanisms to eradicate human trafficking, regulate modus operendii of private recruitment agency, eliminate flesh trade in cases of young women migrants. Last but not the least, the national governments & civil society, cutting across geographical boundaries, must work in an atmosphere of trust & understanding so that international migration caters to the development needs & maintain labor imbalances, thus contributing to the development of young migrants, their countries of origin & countries of destination.